外国人眼中的“中国白”|宋元时期中国远程贸易的德化瓷在泰国南部塞丁普拉遗址的发现（六）

（作者：詹尼斯・斯达加特 翻译：孙延燕）

编者按：

2011年11月，由北京故宫博物院、中国古陶瓷学会、福建省文物局、德化县人民政府共同主办的“2011中国瓷都・德化窑学术研讨会”在瓷都德化举办，近百位国内外博物馆馆长、从事陶瓷文化研究的专家学者齐聚瓷都德化，以“中国白的故乡、瓷艺术的摇篮”为主题，共同研讨深厚的德化窑陶瓷文化。

研讨会共提交专题论文39篇，其中不乏外国专家的作品。与会的专家学者以翔实的图文史料为佐证，从学术专业的角度对德化窑在国内外陶瓷文化领域的历史地位和影响做了全面深刻的阐述，是一笔难得的、丰硕的学术成果。

近期，《外国人眼中的“中国白”》栏目将再次回顾刊载该研讨会的相关论文，并对其中的论文进行翻译，为广大德化陶瓷文化研究爱好者提供学习、交流、参考。

Dehua Ceramics in Long-distance Trade in the Song- Yuan period: excavations at Satingpra, South Thailand（六）

Janice Stargardt  翻译：孙延燕

Fig 11 presents samples excavated at Satingpra of Jingdezhen ceramics of the same period. The dominant morphology of these sherds is small unlidded bowls.

图11展示了同一时期景德镇陶瓷出土的样品。这些陶瓷的主要形态是小型无盖碗。

Fig. 11, fine white-bodied Jingdezhen sherds found at Satingpra, S.Song

图11，在塞丁普拉发现的南宋景德镇陶瓷碎片

Their paste is regularly white or pale grey and the glaze white or bluish-white.

这些陶瓷的瓷土通常为白色或浅灰色，釉面为白色或青白色。

In Fig.12 below, some samples of the best-known types of Longquan ceramics are presented. Again the dominant morphology is small unlidded bowls. The paste of these sherds is grey, the glaze green and unglazed foot rings are both oxydised and unoxydised. To sum up, the Ou, Jingdezhen and Longquan wares share a common morphology of small unlidded bowls, whereas the morphology of the Dehua ceramics is dominated by small lidded boxes and incense holders. This suggests a specialised role for the Dehua ceramics at Satingpra: as containers for small quantities of the most valuable incenses from the rainforest of the Kra Ecotone. They may have been used in rituals, medecines as well as aromatics, initially in trade with China and from there further diffused in Central and Eastern Asia in trade and as imperial gifts.

在图12中，展示了一些最知名的龙泉陶瓷样品。同样，主要是一些小型的无盖碗。这些瓷片的黏土是灰色的，绿色的胎釉和无釉的圈足是经过氧化和无氧化的。总之，瓯瓷、景德镇瓷和龙泉瓷具具有小型无盖瓷碗的共同形态，而德化瓷器的形态以小型有盖瓷盒和香烛台为主。这表明了德化陶瓷在塞丁普拉的特殊作用: 作为装载少量源自克拉过渡带雨林最珍贵香料的容器。它们可能被用于仪式，医疗和芳香剂，最初用于与中国的贸易，后来在中亚和东亚进一步扩散，作为帝国的礼物。

Fig. 12,small unlidded Longquan bowls found at Satingpra, S.Song

图12，塞丁普拉发现的南宋时期龙泉窑小型无盖碗

Fig, 13, coring for fossilized forest pollens, Songkhla Lakes

图13，宋卡湖进行的植物花粉分析

A comprehensive programme of pollen coring has been carried out both in the Songkhla Lakes and in the beds of the ancient shipping canals of the Satingpra sites. These have yielded a precious record of the ancient plant populations of this area, extending back now to 10000 years BP and covering the past 2000 years in some detail. The results show the most precious species of incense plants were present in the forest of the Kra Ecotone, ad jacent to the Satingpra archaeological sites over a long period of time. It is tempting to see in their survival up to the present some degree o deliberate conservation and prudent forest management. For whatever reason, over a long period of time. It is tempting to see in their survival up to the present some degree of deliberate conservation and prudent forest management. For whatever reason, over-exploitation of these valuable products has been avoided and they are still being exported to China today. The main incense products of the Kra Ecotone are:

在宋卡湖和塞丁普拉遗址的古运河河床中进行了植物花粉分析的全面计划。这些已经获得了这个地区古代植物种群的珍贵记录，时间可以追溯到10000年前，并且详细地记录了过去2000年的情况。结果表明，最珍贵的香料植物出现在克拉群落交错带的森林里，在很长一段时间里，这里是塞丁普拉考古遗址的附属地。我们很容易看到它们能够存在到现在，在某种程度上是经过精心的保护和谨慎的森林管理。不管是什么原因，不管出于什么原因，过度开发这些有价值的产品已经被避免，而且今天它们仍然被出口到中国。克拉群落交错区的主要香料产品有:

Table 2, Main Incenses Traded to China from Satingpra

Styrax benzoin Dryand. [benzoin gum] 安息香

Aquillaria malaccensis Lamb. [aloes or gaharuwood]-Anxi in Chinese 沉香

Dalbergia parviflora Roxb. [lakawood] -joss-sticks 黄檀

Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. f. [Barus camphor] 龙脑香

Blumea balsamifera (L.) [Camphor] 艾纳香