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外国人眼中的“中国白”|美国作家Robert H. Blumenfield笔下的何朝宗

来源:   发布时间:2022-10-05 16:03:00

 

何朝宗何许人也?这是一个一直以来从未间断过思考的问题。

何朝宗,一位瓷都德化明代举世闻名的瓷塑大师,其独树一帜的精湛技艺和形成的“何”派艺术驰名中外,被誉为“东方艺术”的精品。

然而,关于这位闻名世界的瓷塑大师的生卒年月及个人经历等在地方文献中却鲜有记载。

那么,这个问题是否能在外国作者有关“德化”“中国白”“德化瓷”的著作中得到说明?

近期,外国人眼中的“中国白”栏目将对有关“何朝宗”的研究进行梳理,以期找到其中的线索。

从何而来?万瓷朝宗

——美国作家Robert H. Blumenfield笔下的何朝宗(一)

美国作家Robert H. Blumenfield(普孟斐)曾于20世纪九十年代到访德化,在他所著《Blanc de Chine—— the Great Porcelain of Dehua 》(《中国白:伟大的德化瓷器》,Ten Speed Press出版社,2002年第1版)一书中,有以下一段记述:

“Perhaps the most emblematic moment of my entire trip occurred at the Dehua porce-lain museum.In the entrance hall there stood a huge statue of the master,He Chaozong. Imagine the effect on me when I saw that statue. As a collector of blanc de Chine, my visit to Dehua was like a Muslim's visit to Mecca. And now I found myself gazing upon a larger-than-life reproduction of the greatest blanc de Chine creator of all.”(“也许我整个行程中最具有象征意义的时刻发生在我参观德化陶瓷博物馆的时候。博物馆门厅里伫立着一尊何朝宗的巨大雕像。——何朝宗,最伟大的陶瓷艺术大师!想象一下,当我看到那座雕像时的感受。作为一个中国白的收藏家,我对德化的访问就像一个穆斯林对麦加的朝觐!现在,我发现自己正在凝视着一位中国白最伟大的创造者的大型造像。”)(德化陶瓷博物馆旧址位于德化县东大路醒龙桥头——编者注)

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何朝宗观音

《中国白:伟大的德化瓷器》成书于2002年,内容涉及中国白瓷器的历史、款识、工艺、窑业发展等方方面面,是研究德化陶瓷生产、收藏、对外交流不可多得的珍贵资料。尤其值得一提的是,在书中,普孟斐对何朝宗——这位至今为止德化最伟大的瓷塑家的瓷塑作品的断代,以及他的生平和时代,有详细的分析:

1.何朝宗生活了九十岁?

“He Chaozong is considered the greatest maker of Dehua figures who ever lived.Chinese scholars today believe that He lived from around 1522 to 1612,but I believe these dates to be inaccurate.First,if they are correct,it means that He lived ninety years,a remarkable lifes pan for an individual of that era,given medical and hygienic practices of the time.Second,I have located a rare,dated Guanyin with a He mark on the back.If the piece is accepted as a work by He,then given its 1618 date,this indicates that He was working later into the seventeenth century than previously believed.

何朝宗被认为是德化历史上最伟大瓷塑家。今天的中国学者认为他生活在1522年至1612年之间 (在中国学术杂志《文物》里,有一个关于窑址的旁注上,提供了何的生卒年大约在1522年至1612年) ,但我认为这些日期不准确。首先,如果他们是正确的,这意味着他活了90岁,考虑到当时的医疗和卫生水平,这是一个非凡的寿命。第二,我找到了一个罕见的、年代久远的观音,背面有‘何’的标记。如果这件作品是一件真正的何朝宗作品,那么根据它1618年的日期,这表明他创作的时间一直持续到17世纪,比之前断定的时间要迟。”

2.何朝宗的青壮年时期。

“In his childhood,He was surrounded by porcelain manufacturing and he learned the trade from the local masters.In his youth,he excelled at the creation of statues of Immortal sand Buddhas for palaces and temples.Some of his best-known figures from this period include a Guanyin at Bixiang Rock in Dehua,a minister in Xiawei Palace,a large figure in Chengtian Temple,and the Little Devil in Dongyue Temple.One also finds examples of He’s work in the collection of the Palace Museum in Beijing and in leading private collections and museums in Europe;very few are in the United States. He absorbed various design school’s techniques of clay modeing wood tooling and stone carving and combined them into his own method,which became known as the He School. He is said to have estab-lished a kiln at Hoa-so,which was operated by his family after his death.

童年时,何朝宗就受到当地瓷业的熏陶,对瓷器的烧制产生了浓厚的兴趣,并从当地的大师那里学习手艺。何朝宗早年为宫庙泥塑各种神仙佛像,如德化碧象岩的观音、下尾宫的大使、程田寺的善才、东岳庙的小鬼。他的作品在北京故宫博物院以及欧洲领先的私人博物馆中都有收藏;美国比较少。他的瓷塑作品,吸收泥塑、木雕和石刻造像的各种技法,博取各家之长,形成独具特色的"何派"艺术风格。据说,他在后所村建立了一座窑炉,在他死后由他的家人经营。”


 
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